trial

noun

/ˈtraɪəl/

Idioms

law法律

[uncountable, countable] a formal examination of evidence in court by a judge and often a jury, to decide if somebody accused of a crime is guilty or not（法院的）审讯，审理，审判

a murder/criminal trial谋杀/刑事审判
on trial He's on trial for murder.他因涉嫌谋杀而受审。
She will stand trial/go on trial for fraud.她因涉嫌诈骗将受到审判。
He should have been arrested and put on trial.他应该被逮捕并接受审判。
He was facing trial on a murder charge. 他因谋杀罪面临审判。
The men were arrested but not brought to trial.这些人已被逮捕但并未送交法院审判。
She is awaiting trial on corruption charges.她因被控贪污正等候审判。
He did not receive a fair trial.他没有受到公正的审判。
the right to trial by jury由陪审团审判的权利
She was detained without trial.她未经审讯便被羁押。
a trial judge/lawyer/court初审法官/律师/法院
She became a key witness in the trial.她成了审判中的关键证人。
They will lose their right to a jury trial.他们将失去陪审团审判的权利。

Collocations Criminal justiceCriminal justice刑事审判Breaking the law犯法

break/violate/obey/uphold the law违反／违背／遵守／维护法律
be investigated/arrested/tried for a crime/a robbery/fraud因犯罪／抢劫／诈骗而被调查／逮捕／审判
be arrested/ (especially North American English) indicted/convicted on charges of rape/fraud/(especially US English) felony charges因被控犯强奸罪／诈骗罪／重型罪遭逮捕／起诉／定罪
be arrested on suspicion of arson/robbery/shoplifting因涉嫌纵火／抢劫／在商店行窃而被逮捕
be accused of/be charged with murder/(especially North American English) homicide/four counts of fraud被指控犯有谋杀罪／杀人罪／四项诈骗罪
face two charges of indecent assault面临两项猥亵罪的指控
admit your guilt/liability/responsibility (for something)承认（对某事的）罪责／责任
deny the allegations/claims/charges否认指控
confess to a crime坦白罪行
grant/be refused/be released on/skip/jump bail准许／不准保释；交保释金获释；弃保潜逃

The legal process法律程序

stand/await/bring somebody to/come to/be on trial受审；候审；把某人送交法院审判；开庭审理；受到审判
take somebody to/come to/settle something out of court把某人告上法庭；被法庭受理；庭外和解某事
face/avoid/escape prosecution面临／免于／逃脱起诉
seek/retain/have the right to/be denied access to legal counsel寻求／聘请／有权聘用／无权聘用律师
hold/conduct/attend/adjourn a hearing/trial开庭；出庭；休庭
sit on/influence/persuade/convince the jury担任／影响／说服陪审团
sit/stand/appear/be put/place somebody in the dock坐在／站在／出现在／被送上／将某人送上被告席
plead guilty/not guilty to a crime认罪；不认罪
be called to/enter (British English) the witness box被召唤进入／进入证人席
take/put somebody on the stand/(North American English) the witness stand出庭作证；让某人出庭作证
call/subpoena/question/cross-examine a witness传唤／以传票传唤／讯问／盘问证人
give/hear the evidence against/on behalf of somebody提供／听取对某人不利／有利的证据
raise/withdraw/overrule an objection提出／撤销／否决异议
reach a unanimous/majority verdict作出一致的／多数人赞同的裁决
return/deliver/record a verdict of not guilty/unlawful killing/accidental death作出／宣布无罪／非法杀人／意外死亡的裁决
convict/acquit the defendant of the crime宣判被告有罪／无罪
secure a conviction/your acquittal获得有罪／无罪判决
lodge/file an appeal提出上诉
appeal (against)/challenge/uphold/overturn a conviction/verdict对判决／裁决提出上诉／质疑；维持／撤销判决／裁决

Sentencing and punishment判刑与惩罚

pass sentence on somebody宣布对某人的判决
carry/face/serve a seven-year/life sentence会被判处／面临／服七年徒刑／无期徒刑
receive/be given the death penalty被判死刑
be sentenced to ten years (in prison/jail)被判十年（监禁）
carry/impose/pay a fine (of $3 000)/a penalty (of 14 years imprisonment)会被判处／处以／缴纳（3 000 美元的）罚金／（14 年的）监禁
be imprisoned/jailed for drug possession/fraud/murder因持有毒品罪／诈骗罪／谋杀罪被监禁
do/serve time/ten years服刑；服十年徒刑
be sent to/put somebody in/be released from jail/prison被送进监狱；把某人送进监狱；被释放出狱
be/put somebody/spend X years on death row在／把某人关在死囚牢房；在死囚牢房度过…年
be granted/be denied/break (your) parole获准假释；假释遭拒；违反假释规定

Culture juriesjuriesUnder the legal system of England and Wales, and also that of Scotland, a person accused of a serious crime who pleads ‘not guilty’ to the crime will be tried by a jury. Juries also hear some civil cases (= when people disagree about their rights) but this is very rare. In the US juries are also used in both criminal and civil cases, though the rules vary from state to state.In Britain jurors (= jury members) are selected at random for each trial from lists of adults who have the right to vote. They must be between the ages of 18 and 70. Anybody called for jury service usually has to attend court for about two weeks, although some cases may go on for much longer. In England and Wales 12 people sit on a jury, in Scotland 15. A larger number of people are asked to attend court and the final jury is selected at random from among them. Lawyers representing either side in a case have the right to object to a particular person being on the jury.After the jury has heard the evidence presented by both sides, it retires to the jury room, a private room, to discuss the case. When all members of the jury agree, they return their verdict (= go back into court and say whether the accused is guilty or not guilty). In Scotland they can also return a verdict of not proven, which means that the accused has not been proved guilty and they can go free. The verdict is announced by the foreman (= the person chosen by the jury as their leader). Sometimes the jury cannot all agree and the judge may accept a majority verdict, provided that no more than two members of the jury disagree. If no majority verdict is reached, this is called a hung jury and the trial is abandoned and started again with a different jury. It is not the responsibility of the jury to decide punishment, though in certain civil cases they may decide how much compensation (= money given by one person another to cancel out damage, loss, etc. caused) should be paid.In the US most juries have 12 members, though some have only six. Otherwise the system is very similar to that in England and Wales. When people are called for jury duty they must go, but people who cannot leave their jobs or homes can be excused. Before a trial begins lawyers ask questions to see if jurors will be impartial (= do not have strong opinions that would prevent them making a decision based on the facts). Lawyers can challenge for cause, if they can give the judge a good reason why somebody should not be a juror. They also have a number of peremptory challenges, which means they can object to somebody without giving a reason. In some trials it can be difficult to find 12 people who are impartial, especially if a case has received a lot of attention in the news. Lawyers sometimes do research to find out what kind of person is most likely to support their side, and use challenges to keep other people off the jury. In a criminal trial the jury decides whether the accused person is guilty or not guilty, but does not decide on a punishment. In a civil trial they may decide how much money should be paid in compensation. If the jury cannot reach a verdict it is declared a mistrial, the trial is abandoned and a retrial is held with a new jury.

test试验

[countable, uncountable] the process of testing the ability, quality or performance of somebody/something, especially before you make a final decision about them（对能力、质量、性能等的）试验，试用

a clinical/field/randomized/controlled trial临床/现场/随机/对照试验
The new drug is undergoing clinical trials.这种新药正在进行临床试验。
Australia and the US have conducted joint trials of the drone. 澳大利亚和美国已经对无人机进行了联合试验。
She agreed to employ me for a trial period.她同意试用我一段时间。
on trial We had the machine on trial for a week.这台机器我们已经试用了一个星期。
The system was introduced on a trial basis for one month.这个制度已引进试行一个月。
a trial separation (= of a couple whose marriage is in difficulties)试验性分居
a trial of strength (= a contest to see who is stronger)实力的较量

Collocations Scientific researchScientific research科学研究Theory理论

formulate/advance a theory/hypothesis创立理论；提出假设
build/construct/create/develop a simple/theoretical/mathematical model创立一个简单／理论／数学模型
develop/establish/provide/use a theoretical/conceptual framework创立／建立／提供／使用理论／概念框架
advance/argue/develop the thesis that…提出／论证／详尽阐述…的论题
explore an idea/a concept/a hypothesis探讨一个想法／概念／假设
make a prediction/an inference预测；推断
base a prediction/your calculations on something基于…做出预测／估算
investigate/evaluate/accept/challenge/reject a theory/hypothesis/model研究／评估／接受／质疑／拒绝接受一个理论／假设／模型

Experiment实验

design an experiment/a questionnaire/a study/a test设计一项实验／问卷／研究／测试
do research/an experiment/an analysis做研究／实验／分析
make observations/measurements/calculations观察；测量；计算
carry out/conduct/perform an experiment/a test/a longitudinal study/observations/clinical trials进行实验／测试／纵向研究／观察／临床试验
run an experiment/a simulation/clinical trials进行实验／模拟／临床试验
repeat an experiment/a test/an analysis重做实验／测试／分析
replicate a study/the results/the findings做相同的研究；得出同样的结果／调查结果
observe/study/examine/investigate/assess a pattern/a process/a behaviour
fund/support the research/project/study资助／支持研究／项目／专题研究
seek/provide/get/secure funding for research寻求／提供／得到／争取到研究资金

Results结果

collect/gather/extract data/information收集／提取数据／信息
yield data/evidence/similar findings/the same results得到数据／证据／类似调查结果／相同结果
analyse/examine the data/soil samples/a specimen分析／考查数据／土壤样本／样本
consider/compare/interpret the results/findings思考／比较／解释结果／调查结果
fit the data/model与数据／模型相符合
confirm/support/verify a prediction/a hypothesis/the results/the findings证实／支持／核实预测／假设／结果／调查结果
prove a conjecture/hypothesis/theorem证明猜测／假设／定理
draw/make/reach the same conclusions得出同样的结论
read/review the records/literature阅读／评论记录／文献
describe/report an experiment/a study描述／报告一项实验／研究
present/publish/summarize the results/findings提交／公布／总结结果／调查结果
present/publish/read/review/cite a paper in a scientific journal向科学杂志提交一篇论文；在科学杂志发表一篇论文；阅读／评论／引用科学杂志上的一篇论文

A new stocktaking system is currently under trial at the supermarket.目前超市正在试用一种新的清点存货系统。
There's a 30-day free trial of the software available.本软件有 30 天的免费试用期。
Human trials of the vaccine could begin within two years.疫苗的人体试验可能在两年内开始。
The trial showed a dramatic reduction in side effects.试验表明副作用大幅度下降。
a trial involving hundreds of patients一项涉及数百名病人的试验
Scientists have reported encouraging results in trials of the new GM rice.科学家报告了新转基因水稻试验的令人鼓舞的结果。

Topics Scientific researchb2

Collocations Dictionaryadjective

clinical
experimental
field
…

verb + trial

carry out
conduct
do
…

trial + verb

demonstrate something
show something
find something
…

trial + noun

period
run
data
…

preposition

on trial
under trial

phrases

on a trial basis
trial by fire
trial and error
…

in sport体育运动

[countable, usually plural]

(North American English also tryout)

a competition or series of tests to find the best players for a sports team or an important event预赛；选拔赛

Olympic trials奥林匹克运动会选拔赛

for animals动物

[countable, usually plural] an event at which animals compete or perform比赛；表演

horse trials马匹比赛

difficult experience艰难经历

[countable] an experience or a person that causes difficulties for somebody令人伤脑筋的事；惹麻烦的人；考验

the trials and tribulations of married life婚姻生活的考验与磨炼
trial to somebody She was a sore trial to her family at times.她有时让家人伤透了脑筋。
(figurative) My first day at work was a trial by fire.我上班的第一天犹如经历了一场烈火考验。

Collocations Dictionaryadjective

real

preposition

trial to

phrases

trials and tribulations

词源late Middle English (as a noun): from Anglo-Norman French, or from medieval Latin triallum. The verb dates from the 1980s.

Idioms

trial and error

the process of solving a problem by trying various methods until you find a method that is successful反复试验；不断摸索
- Children learn to use computer programs by trial and error.儿童通过反复摸索才学会运用计算机程序。